enterotoxin sea  (Seca)

Journal: BMC Infectious Diseases

Article Title: Genomic approach to determine sources of neonatal Staphylococcus aureus infection from carriage in the Gambia

doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09837-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Heatmap showing the proportion of antimicrobial resistance genes for the different sequence types. Genes associated with resistance to tetracycline ( tet(M) , tet(L) , tet(K) , tet(38) , tet); β-lactams ( blaZ , mecA ), macrolides ( msrA , msrB , ermC , ermCL ), trimethoprim ( dfr ). (b) Mosaic plot showing the proportion of antimicrobial resistance genes among the three sample categories. (c) Heatmap showing the proportion of virulence genes among S. aureus STs. Genes associated with the adhesive factor ( fnbB , fnbA , clfB , clfA ), enterotoxin ( seG , secY2 , secY , secF , secE , secDF , secD , secA2 , secA , sec2 , seb , sea ), exfoliative toxin ( etb , eta ), hemolysin ( hlgC , hlgB , hlgA ), Panton Valentine leukocidin PVL ( lukS-PV , lukF-PV ). (d) Mosaic plot showing the proportion of hemolysin and adhesive factor genes among the three sample categories

Article Snippet: All 13 different S. aureus STs were found to carry at least one enterotoxin ( sea , seb , sec2 , secA , secA2 , secD , secDF , secE , secF , secY , secY2 , seG ), adhesive factor and hemolysin virulence genes, whereas only a few STs carried the PVL ( lukS-PV , lukF-PV ) and exfoliative toxin genes ( eta , etb ) (Fig. c).

Techniques: Sequencing, Adhesive

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Bone Marrow-Suppressive Treatment in Children Is Associated with Diminished IFN-γ Response from T Cells upon Polyclonal and Varicella Zoster Virus Peptide Stimulation

doi: 10.3390/ijms25136960

Figure Lengend Snippet: Simplified view of memory T cell subsets examined in this study, distinguished based on differential expression patterns of CCR7, CD45RO, and CD95. Naïve T cells are CCR7 + CD45RO − CD95 − ; central memory T cells (TCM) are CCR7 + CD45RO + CD95 + ; effector memory T cells (TEM) are CCR7 − CD45RO + CD95 + ; and terminal effector T cells, also named terminally differentiated T cells (TEFF), are CCR7 − CD45RO − CD95 + , in accordance with previous findings by Gattinoni et al. . As shown, the proliferative ability of T cells decreases along with differentiation and gain of effector function.

Article Snippet: Following the removal of the blocking medium, the T-cell mitogen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA, m Staphylococcus aureus , Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), serving as polyclonal activator, was transferred to adequate wells at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Bone Marrow-Suppressive Treatment in Children Is Associated with Diminished IFN-γ Response from T Cells upon Polyclonal and Varicella Zoster Virus Peptide Stimulation

doi: 10.3390/ijms25136960

Figure Lengend Snippet: Variations in T-cell populations in peripheral venous blood among the groups. ( A ) Gating of naïve (CCR7 + CD95 − ) and memory (CCR7 +/− ) T cells was performed on DCM − CD3 + single lymphocytes, which expressed either CD4 or CD8. Memory T cells were further sub-grouped into TCM (CCR7 + CD95 + ) or TEM/TEFF (CCR7 − CD95 + ) cells. Fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls were used for the gating of naïve and memory T-cell populations. Gating of the control cohort was similar, but included CD45RO, and is described in detail by Nilsson et al. . ( B ) The differences in the proportions of T-cell subpopulations among the three groups (n = 47), and according to age, specifically looking at CD4 + and CD8 + bulk T cells, CD8 + and CD4 + naïve T-cell subsets, as well as memory T-cell subsets for both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. A Kruskal–Wallis, with Dunn’s multiple comparison test, was used on the grouped scatter plots to determine any significant differences. Statistical significance was determined as p < 0.05 (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001), and the median is shown as a red horizontal line.

Article Snippet: Following the removal of the blocking medium, the T-cell mitogen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA, m Staphylococcus aureus , Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), serving as polyclonal activator, was transferred to adequate wells at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Control, Comparison

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Bone Marrow-Suppressive Treatment in Children Is Associated with Diminished IFN-γ Response from T Cells upon Polyclonal and Varicella Zoster Virus Peptide Stimulation

doi: 10.3390/ijms25136960

Figure Lengend Snippet: T-cell function in response to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) peptides IE63 and gE in children with or without BM suppression. ( A ) Representative FluoroSpot wells at 1× magnification showing cellular expression of IL-22 (blue), IFN-γ (green), IL-10 (yellow), and IL-17A (red) when exposed to a negative control (dimethyl sulfoxide), T-cell mitogen SEA, or specific VZV peptides IE63 and gE. ( B ) Total counts per million of spot-forming cells (SFC) for individuals examined for all four cytokines following exposure to SEA (n = 40) and VZV (n = 38). ( C ) Cytokine profile depicting proportions of cytokine-producing T-cells based on the frequency—measured as SFCs/million cells—of IL-22-, IFN-γ-, IL-10-, and IL17-A-producing cells within each group. Significant differences after VZV exposure were found for the proportion of IL-22-secreting cells between groups I and III ( p < 0.05), for IFN-γ-secreting cells between groups I and III ( p < 0.01), and for IL-17A-secreting cells between groups I and III ( p < 0.01) and between groups II and III ( p < 0.05). ( D ) Frequencies of IL-22 (SEA n = 40, VZV n = 37), IFN-γ (SEA n = 44, VZV n = 41), IL-10 (SEA n = 44, VZV n = 41), and IL17-A (SEA n = 44, VZV n = 41) producing T cells shown at the polyclonal level, upon T-cell mitogen activation with SEA (top row) or at the antigen-specific level following activation with VZV peptides (bottom row). A Kruskal–Wallis test, with Dunn’s multiple comparison, was used to determine significant differences. Statistical significances were determined as p < 0.05 (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001), and the median is shown as a red horizontal line.

Article Snippet: Following the removal of the blocking medium, the T-cell mitogen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA, m Staphylococcus aureus , Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), serving as polyclonal activator, was transferred to adequate wells at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL.

Techniques: Cell Function Assay, Virus, Expressing, Negative Control, Activation Assay, Comparison

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Bone Marrow-Suppressive Treatment in Children Is Associated with Diminished IFN-γ Response from T Cells upon Polyclonal and Varicella Zoster Virus Peptide Stimulation

doi: 10.3390/ijms25136960

Figure Lengend Snippet: Residual spot volumes (RSV) upon stimulation with Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) peptides. ( A ) Schematic representation of RSV analysis. Using software algorithms, the RSV of individual spots was measured. These values were then determined as the area under the curve. ( B ) Differences in RSV from IL-22 (SEA n = 40, VZV n = 37), IFN-γ (SEA n = 44, VZV n = 40), IL-10 (SEA n = 44, VZV n = 40), and IL17-A (SEA n = 44, VZV n = 40) spot-forming cells following SEA or VZV stimuli among groups. Statistical analysis was performed using a Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison. Statistical significance was determined as p < 0.05 (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001), and the median is shown as a red horizontal line.

Article Snippet: Following the removal of the blocking medium, the T-cell mitogen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA, m Staphylococcus aureus , Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), serving as polyclonal activator, was transferred to adequate wells at a final concentration of 20 ng/mL.

Techniques: Virus, Software, Comparison